El Triunfo Trip Report  

After having traveled in most of west Mexico's states, I had my eyes on a trip to El Triunfo in southern Chiapas for several years.  In addition to stories of the area's pristine nature and the attractiveness of a place reached only by foot, it was the only place in Mexico where I could still see many new bird species, including some of the most range-restricted on Earth.  After a scouting trip with friends in April of 2007, I've had the good fortune to be able to return with several groups.  The following report is a composite of these trips from 2007 to 2011 which were some of the greatest birding and wilderness adventures I've experienced.  

The 300,000-acre El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve is located in the southern part of the state in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas where it spans an altitudinal range of roughly 1200 to 8000 feet and separates the warm, humid coastal lowlands from the drier interior.  El Triunfo contains a great variety of habitats which include humid tropical evergreen forest, tropical deciduous forest, pine-oak forest, and perhaps the crown jewel of them all, cloud forest.  El Triunfo’s cloud forests host one of the most diverse arrays of tree species in North and Central America.  Amidst the often mist-enshrouded mountains are giant tree ferns, sweet-gum, towering Mexican alder, wild fuschia, oaks with golfball-sized acorns, wild avocado ( a key food source for resplendent quetzals), and mulberry trees, most of which are dripping with epiphytic mosses, lichens, bromeliads, orchids, ferns, Clusia, arums, and cacti.

The approximately 2300 species of plants found within the reserve form a rich background for tremendous faunal diversity.  In addition to the 90 species of reptiles and amphibians known from the area, over 100 species of mammals (most of which are bats) and about 360 species of birds have been recorded.  Several of the birds are either very range restricted (horned guan, azure-rumped tanager, blue-throated motmot, black-capped swallow, rufous sabrewing, and blue-tailed hummingbird) or are generally rare throughout  their range (resplendant quetzal and Prevost's ground sparrow).  Jaguar, Baird's tapir, red brocket deer, Central American spider monkey, and hundreds of species of colorful butterflies also make El Triunfo home.

The establishment of El Triunfo as a biosphere reserve began with studies in the 1940s by one of Mexico's premier ornithologists, Miguel Alvarez del Toro.  The seeds of conservation were planted in the early 1970s when the natural History Institute of Chiapas began to study the area, and in 1990 the Mexican government formally established the reserve.  Unfortunately at the time, the park was a classic "paper park" with inadequate funding and management.  Recognizing the area's biodiversity value and its connection to many rural communities, various foreign conservation groups provided financial assistance and partnered with Mexican agencies to establish subsequent funding, staff, and management plans, and today a staff of about 50 works with local communities on education and sustainable economic activities such as ecotourism, organic shade-grown coffee, and the development of palm and cycad nurseries.  

My groups have felt very fortunate to be among the very few tourists that visit the area each year, and we've simply been blown away by the beauty, richness, intactness, and incredible birding that El Triunfo offers.  

Our spring journeys have begun in Tuxtla Gutierrez where we spend a half-day visiting the dramatic national park at Sumidero Canyon.  Here the Rio Grijalva cuts through a massive limestone dome, creating a spectacular 3000-ft. deep canyon.  The tropical deciduous forest of the park is reminiscent of that of much of west Mexico with gumbo limbo, Erythrina, Ceiba, Cochlospermum, guaje, and Combretum vine being common.  As we exited the van at our first stop, white-throated magpie-jays greeted us with their raucous calls.  A russet-crowned motmot posed for unobstructed photos in the mostly leafless forest while white-lored gnatcatchers, banded wrens, and indigo and varied buntings worked the thick vegetation.  At various stops along the road, we found boat-billed and Nutting's flycatchers, buff-bellied hummingbird, the dark-backed southern race of streak-backed oriole, and olive sparrow, while thicket tinamous and highland guans called from the surrounding forest.  After hearing and searching for the diminutive, thicket-dwelling belted flycatcher, we were finally rewarded with spectacular views.  Interesting pockets of greener semideciduous forest harbored rather unexpected species - including spot-breasted wren, northern bentbill, lesser greenlet, and eye-ringed flatbill - that I was used to seeing in the lowland evergreen forests further east.  We also encountered at Sumidero the first of several blue-and-white mockingbirds, which we would see or hear in many locations from the low elevation, dry interior forest to the high cloud forest.

From Sumidero, we headed south to the town of Jaltenango, our take-off point for the El Triunfo trailhead.  On the way we encountered a northward-traveling flock of several hundred Swainson's hawks.  At first we just saw dozens of hawks flying low over a ridge.  When we stopped for a closer look, we discovered that the hawks had happened upon a partially cleared area that was swarming with grasshoppers.  As they swooped low to the ground, they would flush dozens of the large grasshoppers, one of which would usually end up in the talon of a bird.  This was also the point at which we heard our first pheasant cuckoo, a bird we would hear over much of the trip but, unfortunately, never see.  Just outside Jaltenango, we made our final stop of the day at the Rio Acatengo, an area rich with birds.  In addition to the Amazon and green kingfishers along the river, we found fork-tailed flycather, plain wren, painted bunting, bank-nesting russet-crowned motmots, yellow-winged and blue-gray tanagers, and the Fuertes race of orchard oriole.

From Jaltenango, the heart of the adventure began with a four-hour, back-of-the-truck ride through habitat that went from fairly cut over to largely intact.  The birding, in tandem with the habitat, just got better and better, and we had a hard time going more than a mile without signaling to our driver to stop yet again so we could watch birds.  While fairly widespread birds such as black-headed saltator, clay-colored robin, and rufous-browed peppershrike were common at the start, we quickly transitioned into more interesting and intact habitat where we found laughing falcon, azure-crowned hummingbird, white-winged tanager, orange-billed nightingale thrush, green parakeet, collared aracari (hanging out in pine trees of all places), chestnut-collared swift, gray-collared becard, blue-headed vireo, yellow-billed cacique, and grey-crowned yellowthroat.  Eventually we arrived at Finca Prusia, an old but still active coffee hacienda established by Germans in the late 1800s. Here we had lunch and then started the 8-mile uphill walk to the high camp at El Triunfo.  Within minutes we all felt as though we had stepped through the looking-glass and entered an enchanted wonderland of spectacular forest. For the next five hours, we passed under enormous trees, searched the canopy for emerald toucanets, caught good views of emerald-chinned hummingbirds and brown-capped vireos, were teased by fleeting glimpses of blue-crowned chlorophonias (which we saw quite well later), listened to the calls of collared trogons and black robins, and enjoyed the quiet power of a landscape that, except for the trail, showed no obvious signs of humans having ever been there.  Within about a mile of the camp, we heard the low-pitched, almost subliminal calls of horned guans, one of the oddest and most beautiful cracids in the Americas.  Though they were right above us, it took a while to locate them in the dense canopy.  Eventually we found them and enjoyed great views of a bird that was hands-down a huge trip highlight.  Fortunately. I've yet to miss these amazing birds and have always found at least a pair, and once five birds, on the same part of the same trail.

With our hunger and fatigue momentarily erased by the guan sighting, we entered the camp clearing where we were welcomed by a parade of color and song from the many yellow grosbeaks, gray silky-flycatchers, flame-colored tanagers, and mountain robins flying around.  Knowing that we'd spend every waking moment in this wilderness paradise over the next few days had us beaming, but it turned out that there was even more magic in store.  The local Mexicans in charge of logistics (which are difficult to say the least) simply outdid themselves and impressed us to no end with there graciousness, smiling service, delicious food, and camaraderie on the adventure.  Our first dinner of hot soup, heaping plates of pasta, steamed veggies, and wonderfully sweet fruit was a sample of the many good eats to come.

We spent the next two days seeing, enjoying, and learning about some great birds and natural history while savoring the ambiance of this vast tract of intact and unique forest.  Here at the highest point of the journey, we were treated to a suite of birds that we were unlikely to encounter again once we began our descent.  Along the trails we found the gorgeous spotted nightingale-thrush, its more subdued cousin, ruddy-capped nightingale-thrush, white-faced quail doves, the diminutive rufous-browed wren, furtive but noisy black-throated jays, stunning unicolored jays in perfect late-morning light, pairs of yellow-throated and chestnut-capped brush-finches, singing hooded grosbeaks (one year they were all over the grass at the edge of the forest practically at our feet), nest-building paltry tyrannulets, skulky gray-breasted wood-wrens, barred forest-falcon, and very active spectacled and ruddy foliage-gleaners.  One unexpected bird was red-faced warbler, a first in the reserve for Jorge.  Several species of flowering plants, especially the Wigandia, attracted a fantastic diversity of hummingbirds as well as cinnamon-bellied flower-piercer.  Hummers included green-throated mountain-gem, violet sabrewing, green violet-ear, white-eared hummingbird, wine-throated hummingbird (one of the smallest in the world), black-crested coquette, and sparkling-tailed woodstar.  Over the high-camp clearing we've enjoyed great views of black-capped swallows, a regional endemic, and there is always a pair of red-tailed hawks around.  Less common from the clearing is white hawk which is usually a lowland species, but we once had a photographed fly-by at almost 7000 feet.

Highland guans are, at least by voice, one of the most common species at El Triunfo.  The high, loud, ascending whistle of the males, followed by a bizarre wing-rattle made in a short flight display are heard throughout the day.  Seeing these birds, however, even when they seem to be so close, is unusually challenging.  Fortunately, however, patience pays off, and we've had many wonderful looks at calling and displaying males as well as a few females, some with young.  Of course, one of the other trip highlights are the resplendent quetzals.  In late March, the birds are fairly active, and we've enjoyed many spectacular males (of the northernmost race with the longest tail coverts) feeding, calling, and displaying throughout the forest.  Many people have called this species the most beautiful bird in the world, and though that's an impossible call for me to make (because there are just so many show-stopping birds out there), I can now see why.

With a memorable sense of satisfaction, we left the high camp and started our three-day descent to the lowlands of the Pacific coast.  The relatively easy five-mile walk to Canada Honda would take us out of the cloud forest, through a narrow band of pines and cypress, and finally into tropical evergreen forest at the cozy streamside camp.  As we gradually emerged from the thick cloud forest, we were treated to the first of countless vistas of sharp ridges and deep valleys, all covered with lush forest.  One of birds we encountered not far down the trail was the "must see" blue-throated motmot.  At first sight, and compared to other species of motmots, the blue-throated may seem a somewhat subdued bird.  But with patience, some luck, and the right viewing geometry, the bird becomes as spectacular as its cousins.  Over the years, we've been fortunate to enjoy many fine sightings not just of the blue-throated motmot but of four other motmot species as well.  The El Triunfo transect may be the most motmot-rich place on Earth.  In the pines we saw our only Grace's, hermit, and olive warblers of the trip as well as hepatic tanagers which were also limited to the pines.  As we got closer to Canada Honda, we had great eye-level views of a bird I'd wanted to see for a long time, the green shrike-vireo. While this canopy specialist is often seen from a tower, in our case we were lucky to be on a hillside trail that put us at eye level with the downslope treetops where the bird was perched in great light. At the camp, a few large fig trees were magnets for azure-rumped tanagers, a highly range restricted and beautiful bird that we'd find to be common here and at a few spots further down the trail. Also in the camp were white-eared ground sparrows and a bird that had serenaded us, as if in welcome, upon our approach to the camp, the rufous-and-white wren. Like many of its relatives in the genus Thryothorus, the rufous-and-white, too, has a loud, rich, and sweet song, in this case one that we'd hear for a few days before dropping out of its preferred habitat. Around Canada Honda, we found territorial rufous sabrewings, a noisy pair of tawny-throated leaftossers, ruddy foliage-gleaners, and close-up, eye-level views of pairs of blue-crowned chlorophonias and elegant euphonias.  These latter two birds provide justification for why I just can't pick a "most beautiful bird in the world".  Yes, they're small, but, man, what colors.

From Canada Honda, we continued on to El Limonal, another beautifully situated camp smack in the middle of a long-tailed manakin lek.  Our encounters with these amazing little birds started with fleeting glimpses of both males and females, followed by great views of calling males right in the camp, and culminating with a videoed observation of a pair of males in full display for a female.  Except for the long, hair-like central tail feathers, I was struck by the similarity of these birds in look, vocalizations, and display behavior to its cousins - the lance-taield manakin of Central America and the blue-backed manakin of Amazonia.  In addition to blue-tailed hummingbirds in and around the camp were three species of motmot.  Tody motmots were almost common outside our tents, turquoise-broweds weren't far behind, and of course there were blue-diademeds (formerly blue-crowned).  From here to our last camp at Paval, the birding, amazingly, got even richer.  The trail seemed to be lined with fan-tailed warblers while the trees were almost dripping with migrating Tennessee warblers and yellow-green vireos.  King vultures, great black-hawk, and a pair of white hawks soared overhead, collared and violaceous trogons sat still on their perches, and mixed flocks with black-faced grosbeaks, sulphur-bellied flycatchers, and Blackburnian warblers passed by.  At the camp, it was "speed birding" as spot-breasted orioles, tropical pewee, piratic flycatcher, rufous-breasted spinetail, and a nice mix of psittacines (orange-fronted parakeet, mealy parrot, and yellow-naped parrots) were among the many birds seen.  Another of my "most wanted" birds on one trip, and one that nests in the eastern U.S. where I've never been, was, of all things, Eastern kingbird.  Several large flocks of these birds were seen at Paval on their northward migration.  At night, we had great views of common pauraque and black-and-white-owl.  On our final walk, and just before being picked up by the truck, we found striped cuckoo and several other new trip birds, but the highlight was our last species while still on the El Triunfo trail, a pair of Prevost's ground sparrows.  One of the rarer species endemic to southern Mexico and northern Central America, these odd and beautiful little birds became the perfect avian exclamation point at the end of the most amazing birding hike any of us had ever done.  Though they aren't common, the Paval camp has never failed to provide us with great views of these birds.

After a great lunch in Mapastepec, we headed to Tapachula where we'd end our trip at a hotel with, fortunately, some decent habitat that provided homes for many birds, some of which were among those that illustrate so well the unique evolutionary history and biogeography of the region.  Almost as soon as we exited the van, we heard the raucous and unmistakable calls of giant wrens, which turned out to be rather tame around the hotel.  Known only from a narrow strip of coastal Chiapas, these birds interestingly come right up against the borders of neighboring Oaxaca and Guatemala, but, as though they're aware of the geopolitical borders, don't cross over into either place.  Also around the hotel were white-bellied chachalacas, one of the four species of chachalacas whose ranges fit together like pieces of a puzzle of lowland tropical Mexico.  A day roosting Pacific screech owl right on the grounds was a bonus as were the many orange-chinnned parakeets perched nicely in the palms as well as a fly-by muscovy duck.  But for me, probably the highlight of Tapachula, particularly since I've never been to Hawk Mountain, Cape May, Veracruz, or other "river of raptor" sites, was the stream of tens of thousands of turkey vultures heading north directly over the hotel for several hours.  Amidst the vultures were a handful of diminutive, especially at that altitude, Swainson's and broad-winged hawks.  Thinking about the evolution of the birds and their migratory behaviors in concert with the location of the continents, the oceans, the weather and seasons, and the local topography made for a spectacle I'll never forget.  

In addition to the great birds and impressive plant diversity of the trip, we've been lucky in the mammal and herp departments, too.  Mammals we've had great views of include Central American spider monkey (at 7000' at the high camp), Sumichrast's ringtail foraging by day in the Limonal camp, Deppe's and Mexican tree squirrels, grey fox, white-tailed deer, red brocket deer, and white-nosed coati.  We've found a beautiful Godman's pit viper, a large and unusually pale-grey boa constrictor, a stunning arboreal, green lizardin the cloud forest (Abronia leurolepis/smithi - a relative of the alligator lizards in the family Anguidae), Morelet's alligator lizard, rainbow ameiva, spiny-tailed iguana, brown basilisk, and various anoles and spiny lizards.

The El Triunfo experience is unlike anything I've done in the world of birds and natural history.  The combination of superb hospitality and logistics in the "middle of nowhere", the vast tract of unaltered forest, the fascinating biogeography, the success of the area's conservation efforts, and the abundance of show-stopping birds create an adventure that I hope to relive many times in the future.

Photos: white-winged tanager, long-tailed manakin, Prevost's ground-sparrow, yellow-throated brushfinch by Misty Vaughn  
Horned Guan by Paul Hart

Last updated: August 30, 2011.